Normal prostate volume radiology

Following the MR examination the brains of the animals were analyzed for EM. There was a shift from the slow to the fast component at min time normal prostate volume radiology.

The water signal was increasing by 4. The results of the E. Conclusion: The unexpected volume fraction changes i. It may suggest that ADC decrease in stroke, in contrast to general presumptions, cannot be explained only by water shift from extra to intracellular space i.

All rights reserved. It was pointed out that even without compartmentation the biexponential signal decay is still present [4] and it can also be observed in a single cell [5].

Many speculations have been put forward about the two components: sol and gel state of water [6], bulk water and membrane bound water [7], free water and bound water in the hydration shells of the macromolecules [4]. E-mail address: roy.

Because these speculations could not be proven so far, the biexponential model itself was questioned [8] arguing about a continuous, broad distribution of ADC values [9].

Thus other mathematical models have been proposed to describe the diffusion and the consequent signal decay in Diffusion weighted imaging DWI : diffusional kurtosis imaging Taylor expansion of the logarithm of signal decay [8,10,11], inverse Laplace transformation [9], and stretched exponential [12] etc.

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The aim of this study is to examine the changes in MR parameters derived from DWI biexponential analysis in an in vivo intracellular brain oedema model. Electron microscopy was also applied in order to shed more light on the morphological background of MR related observations.

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Biexponential DWI analysis may help to understand water movements in brain oedema. The DWI results of pure intracellular oedema were compared to those obtained in stroke, in which intracellular oedema i.

A biexponential DWI study in rat brain intracellular oedema

Steier et al. Materials and methods 2. Experimental protocol Ten male Wistar rats Charls Rivers, local distributor weighing — g were used. All procedures were done according to the University research ethical guidelines. The animals were endotrachelly intubated and anaesthesia was maintained at 1. Following establishment of a base-line measurement, the water loading took place.

Correct IP injection site was visualized with an MR measurement. Blood was acquired by way of cardiac puncture for serum analysis of sodium and potassium ion selective electrode as well as plasma osmolarity vapour pressure osmometer. Following 24 h, the brains of the animals were removed and analyzed for electron microscopy EM.

The exact method of EM analysis is described previously [14].

Magnetic resonance imaging 3. The body coil was used for excitation and a commercially available loop of RF coil, having an inner diameter of 40 mm was used for the signal acquisition Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany.

MRI PLANNING TIPS FOR PELVIS, RECTUM,PROSTATE, FETAL IMAGING

For base-line establishment, 3 diffusion-weighted and spectroscopy measurements were done. The voxel was adjusted to each animal in order to cover the brain as much as possible The average voxel size was 13 mm × 10 mm × 5 mm. Normal prostate volume radiology this way only the unsuppressed water signal was recorded.

Freehand regions of interests ROIs were drawn on diffusion weighted images covering both sides of the cortex. Parameters were calculated according to the selected region. For the water signal evaluation standard spectroscopy software was used on a Siemens Leonardo workstation. For signal processing only Fourier transformation was applied. The changes in ADC and water signal are referenced to the average of the initial three base line measurements [15].

Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation. Statistical analysis was done using two-tailed equal distribution paired Student t-tests. Results 3. Changes in serum osmolarity and sodium The IP injection of the dextrose solution caused a severe hyponatraemia reaching a serum sodium level of This hyponatremia was accompanied with a decrease of serum osmolarity to levels of Following the R.

By evaluating the volume fraction contributions of the slow Pslow and fast P-fast components to the ADC-mono we realize that while the P-fast exhibits a tendency to increase, the P-slow shows the opposite tendency to decline.

The changes in the Pfast and P-slow of Changes in water signal The results of the spectroscopy measurements showed that the water signal was increasing.

It had increased by 2. The water signal continued to elevate up until the min time point.

Reaching an increase of 4. Electron microscope observations In the examined areas of both the temporal cortex and the caudo-putamen, with negligible exceptions, the excess water was found in astrocytes i.

Normal prostate volume radiology bulk of excess water was present around arterioles Fig. In several places, molecular remnants of the disintegrated organelles of swollen astrocytes selfe-assembled into regular Fig. Discussion The biexponential approach is a robust model that gives consistent ADCs and volume fraction values in the brain tissue and appears to be insensitive to an inversion pulse T1magnetization transfer, extension of echo time T2 [1,3].

However, a recent paper suggests that ADC-slow increases by Fig. The ADC values were normalized to the average of the initial three base-line measurements. Average values of the fast component of ADC in the rat cerebral cortex throughout the MR measurement protocol.

The predominance of the fast volume fraction i. These characteristics of the bi-exponential approach may substantiate that it will have diagnostic value in the daily clinical practice [16—18] similar to the mono-exponential approach in the low b-value range.

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The intracellular oedema created in this study resulted in volume fractions that are unexpected. In contrast to stroke [1,4,17], P-fast increased. However there are substantial differences that can explain the discrepancy. In intracellular oedema i.

There is no tissue necrosis that might result in degradation of macromolecules and dysfunction of membrane pumps and channels. Therefore, based on our experiments it can be deduced that the intracellular oedema alone i. Our results also contradict in vitro studies in which cells were swollen i. Average values of the slow component of ADC in the rat cerebral cortex throughout the MR measurement protocol. Percentages of the fast and slow components of ADC. Average percentages of the fast P-fast and slow P-slow components of ADC in the rat cerebral cortex throughout the MR measurement protocol.

Normal prostate volume radiology percentages were normalized to the average of the initial three base-line measurements.

MULTIPARAMETRIC MR IMAGING OF PROSTATE TUMORS: PI-RADS V.2.1

Following the intraperitoneal injection IPI the ADC percentages of the fast and slow components exhibit a tendency to increase and decrease respectively. There are several limitations that should be mentioned about the in vitro studies: i The measurements were carried out at room temperature that would considerably slow down the enzymatic processes and conformation of the proteins might change dramatically.

It is well known from in vivo studies that a radical ADC decrease is almost immediate 2—3 min if anoxia-ischemia takes place [24]. Unfortunately the ADC values are not comparable due to the application arta izületi gyógyszer room temperature. Table 2 summarizes the results of biexponential diffusion measurements in different pathological conditions.

It is clear from Table 2 that ADC-fast would have diagnostic value, since it decreases in intracellular oedema i. The latter is obvious also in muscle oedema in which the presumed extracellular water increase causes P-fast and ADC-fast elevations [19].

Average diffusion weighted signal decay originating from rat brains before oedema induction. The error bars are hardly visible because of the low standard deviations.

The noise level is demonstrated by a dotted line. Water signal. The evolution of the total brain average water signal values throughout the MR measurement protocol. The water signal values were normalized to the average of the initial three base-line measurements. Following the intraperitonel injection IPI the water signal was increasing. The other parameter that would have diagnostic gél térdízület is P-fast.

It is hypothesized that the fast component represents free, bulk water that would be the best candidate to be eliminated from oedematous tissue. The only detail that seemingly does not support the proposed theory is that the core region of cold injury shows different behavior Normal prostate volume radiology 2 : P-fast decreases despite the presence of vasogenic oedema.

However it should be noted that the core of the cold injury contains disintegrated cells [4], thus necrosis and vasogenic oedema are present at the same location.